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| − | {{About|the technology company sometimes referred to as "Big Blue"|other uses of these terms|IBM (disambiguation)|and|Big Blue (disambiguation)}}
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| − | {{Infobox company
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| − | |name = International Business Machines Corporation
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| − | |logo = [[File:IBM logo.svg|200px|center]]
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| − | |caption =
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| − | |type = [[Public company|Public]]
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| − | |traded_as = {{New York Stock Exchange|IBM}}<br />[[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones Industrial Average Component]]<br />[[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]]
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| − | |industry = [[Computer hardware]]<br>[[Computer software]]<br>[[Information technology consulting|IT consulting]]
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| − | |products = [[List of IBM products|See IBM products]]
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| − | |founder = [[Charles Ranlett Flint]]
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| − | |foundation = [[Endicott, New York|Endicott]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States of America|U.S.]]<br />({{Start date and years ago|1911|06|16}})
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| − | |location_city = [[Armonk, New York|Armonk]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
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| − | |location_country = [[United States of America|U.S.]]
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| − | |area_served = 170 countries
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| − | |key_people = [[Ginni Rometty]]<br />({{small|Chairman, President, and CEO}})
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| − | |revenue = {{Decrease}} US$ 92.793 billion (2014)<ref name=10K>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE%3AIBM&fstype=ii&ei=jDT6UOj7A4WQkAXViQE | title=IBM Corporation Financials Statements |work=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref>
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| − | |operating_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 19.986 billion (2014)<ref name="10K"/>
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| − | |net_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 12.023 billion (2014)<ref name=10K/>
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| − | |assets = {{nowrap|{{Decrease}} US$ 117.53 billion (2014)<ref name=10K/>}}
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| − | |equity = {{Decrease}} US$ 11.868 billion (2014)<ref name=10K/>
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| − | |num_employees = 379,592 (2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 IBM Annual Report|url=http://www.ibm.com/investor/att/pdf/IBM_Annual_Report_2014.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=IBM.com}}</ref>
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| − | |divisions = Hardware, Services, Software
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| − | |subsidiaries = [[Victor Entertainment]]
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| − | |homepage = {{URL|http://www.ibm.com/|IBM.com}}
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| − | The '''International Business Machines Corporation''' ('''IBM''') is an [[United States|American]] [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology]] and [[Consultant|consulting]] corporation, with headquarters in [[Armonk, New York|Armonk]], New York. IBM manufactures and markets computer [[Personal computer hardware|hardware]] and [[computer software|software]], and offers [[infrastructure]], [[Internet hosting service|hosting]] and [[consultant|consulting services]] in areas ranging from [[mainframe computer]]s to [[nanotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research.nsf/pages/r.nanotech.html |title=Nanotechnology & Nanoscience}}</ref>
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| − | The company was founded in 1911 as the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR) through a merger of the [[Tabulating Machine Company]], the [[International Time Recording Company]], and the Computing Scale Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/faq.pdf|format=PDF| title=IBM Archives: Frequently Asked Questions}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/06/ibms-first-100-years-a-heavily-illustrated-timeline/240502/|title=IBM's First 100 Years|last=Madrigal|first=Alexis|date=16 June 2011|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref> CTR was changed to "International Business Machines" in 1924, using a name which had originated with CTR's Canadian subsidiary. The initialism '''IBM''' followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company '''Big Blue''' for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging, and logo.<ref>{{cite book |last= Simmons |first= William W. | author-link = William W. Simmons (executive) |title= Inside IBM: The Watson Years, A Personal Memoir |publisher= Dorrance & Co. |year= 1988 |page=137}}</ref>
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| − | In 2012, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' ranked IBM the No. 2 largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide),<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM employees">{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/performers/companies/biggest/ |title=Fortune 500: IBM employees |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> the <!-- Please don't update market cap quarterly in order to keep consistency in prose -- quarterly updates can be found at [[List of corporations by market capitalization]] -->No. 4 largest in terms of [[market capitalization]],<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM market cap">{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/performers/companies/biggest/marketvalue.html |title=Fortune 500: IBM employees |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> the No. 9 most profitable,<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM profit">{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/performers/companies/profits/ |title=Fortune 20 most profitable companies: IBM |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> and the No. 19 largest firm in terms of revenue.<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM">{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/full_list/ |title=Fortune 500: IBM |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> Globally, the company was ranked the No. 31 largest in terms of revenue by ''[[Forbes]]'' for 2011.<ref name="Forbes global">{{Cite news|title=The World's Biggest Public Companies|url=http://www.forbes.com/global2000/|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=June 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=IBM|url=http://www.forbes.com/companies/ibm/|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=June 7, 2011}}</ref> Other rankings for 2011/2012 include No. 1 company for leaders (''Fortune''), No. 1 [[green company]] in the U.S. (''[[Newsweek]]''), No. 2 best global brand (''[[Interbrand]]''), No. 2 most respected company (''[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]''), No. 5 most admired company (''Fortune''), and No. 18 most innovative company (''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]'').<ref name="Fast">{{cite web |url=http://rankingthebrands.com/Brand-detail.aspx?brandID=6 |title=IBM rankings |author= |work= |publisher=Ranking the Brands |accessdate=17 December 2010}}</ref>
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| − | IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into [[IBM Research]]. {{as of|2013|alt=As of 2013}} the company held the record for most [[patents]] generated by a business for 22 consecutive years.<ref name="patents">{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-12/ibm-tops-patent-list-for-22nd-year-as-it-looks-for-growth.html|title=IBM Tops Patent List for 22nd Year as It Looks for Growth|date=2015-01-12 | work=Bloomberg}}</ref> Its employees have garnered five [[Nobel Prize]]s, six [[Turing Award]]s, ten [[National Medal of Technology|National Medals of Technology]], and five [[National Medal of Science|National Medals of Science]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/resources/awards.shtml |title=Awards & Achievements |accessdate=2012-05-23 |publisher=IBM}}</ref> Notable company inventions include the [[Automated teller machine|automated teller machine (ATM)]], the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], the [[Universal Product Code|Universal Product Code (UPC)]], the [[swap (finance)|financial swap]], the [[Fortran]] programming language, [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE airline reservation system]], [[DRAM]], copper wiring in [[semiconductor]]s, the [[silicon-on-insulator|silicon-on-insulator (SOI)]] semiconductor manufacturing process, and [[Watson (computer)|Watson artificial intelligence]].
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| − | IBM has constantly evolved since its inception. Over the past decade, it has steadily shifted its business mix by exiting [[Commoditization|commoditizing businesses]] such as [[Personal computer|PCs]], [[hard disk drive]]s and [[Dynamic random-access memory|DRAMs]] and focusing on higher-value, more profitable businesses such as [[business intelligence]], [[Data analysis|data analytics]], [[business continuity]], security, [[cloud computing]], [[virtualization]] and green solutions,<ref>ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/annualreport/2005/2005_ibm_annual.pdf#page=6</ref><ref>ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/annualreport/2007/2007_ibm_annual.pdf#page=8</ref><ref>ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/annualreport/2008/2008_ibm_annual.pdf#page=12</ref> resulting in a higher quality revenue stream and higher profit margins. IBM's operating margin expanded from 16.8% in 2004 to 24.3% in 2013, and net profit margins expanded from 9.0% in 2004 to 16.5% in 2013.<ref>IBM Annual Report</ref>
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| − | It acquired [[Kenexa]] (2012) and [[SPSS]] (2009) and [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PwC]]'s consulting business (2002), [[Spin out|spinning off]] companies like printer manufacturer [[Lexmark]] (1991), and selling off product lines like its [[personal computer]] and [[x86]] [[Server (computing)|server]] businesses to [[Lenovo]] (2005, 2014). In 2014 IBM announced that it would go "[[Fabless manufacturing|fabless]]" by offloading IBM Micro Electronics semiconductor manufacturing to [[GlobalFoundries]], a leader in advanced technology manufacturing, citing that semiconductor manufacturing is a capital intensive business which is challenging to operate without scale.<ref>http://www.ibm.com/investor/att/pdf/3Q14-Prepared-Remarks.pdf#page=3</ref> This transition is in progress as of early 2015.
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| − | ==History==
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| − | {{Main|History of IBM}}
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| − | {{Listen
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| − | | description = [[Thomas J. Watson]], who led IBM from 1914 to 1956, discussing the company's motto [[Think (IBM)|"THINK"]]
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| − | | image =[[File:Thomas J Watson Sr.jpg|150px]]
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| − | In the 1880s, three technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of what would become International Business Machines (IBM). Julius E. Pitrat patented the computing scale in 1885;<ref>{{cite book |title=Images of America: IBM in Endicott |last1=Aswad |first1=Ed |last2=Meredith |first2=Suzanne |year=2005 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |location= |isbn=0-7385-3700-4 |page= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale#v=onepage&q=julius%20e.%20pitrap%20computing%20scale&f=false |accessdate=}}</ref> Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |title=Dey dial recorder, early 20th century |author= |work= |publisher=UK Science Museum |accessdate=30 December 2010}}
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| − | </ref> and [[Herman Hollerith]] patented the [[Electric Tabulating Machine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |title=Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator
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| − | |author= |work= |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |accessdate=30 December 2010}}
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| − | </ref> and [[Willard Bundy]] invented a time clock to record a worker's arrival and departure time on a paper tape in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |title=Employee Punch Clocks |author= |work= |publisher=Florida Time Clock |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref>
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| − | On June 16, 1911, these technologies and their respective companies were merged by [[Charles Ranlett Flint]] to form the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (C-T-R).<ref name="Trounce">{{cite book |title=Trouncing the Dow: A value-based method for making huge profits |last=Lee |first=Kenneth |authorlink= |year=1998 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |location= |isbn=0-07-136834-5 |page=123 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=TwoBaKMKFvMC&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=June+16,+1911+flint+IBM#v=onepage&q=June%2016%2C%201911%20flint%20IBM&f=false |accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> The [[New York City]]-based company had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington, D.C.; and Toronto, Ontario. It manufactured and sold machinery ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders to meat and cheese slicers, along with tabulators and punched cards.
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| − | Flint recruited [[Thomas J. Watson, Sr.]], formerly of the [[National Cash Register Company]], to help lead the company in 1914.<ref name="Trounce"/> Watson implemented "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker".<ref name="Story">{{cite book |title=What's your story?: Storytelling to move markets, audiences, people, and brands |last=Mathews |first=Ryan |author2=Watts Wacker |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |location= |isbn=0-13-227742-5 |page=138 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=BQ5vKGTx_3AC&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=%22generous+sales+incentives,+a+focus+on+customer+service,+an+insistence+on+well-groomed%22#v=onepage&q=%22generous%20sales%20incentives%2C%20a%20focus%20on%20customer%20service%2C%20an%20insistence%20on%20well-groomed%22&f=false |accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> His favorite slogan, "THINK", became a mantra for C-T-R's employees, and within 11 months of joining C-T-R, Watson became its president.<ref name="Story"/> The company focused on providing large-scale, custom-built tabulating solutions for businesses, leaving the market for small office products to others. During Watson's first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia, and Australia.<ref name="Story"/> On February 14, 1924, C-T-R was renamed the ''International Business Machines Corporation'' (IBM),<ref name="Fast"/>{{Failed verification|date=February 2014}} citing the need to align its name with the "growth and extension of [its] activities".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1920.html |title=1920s |author= |work= |publisher=IBM |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref>
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| − | ===1930–1979===
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| − | [[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[NACA]] researchers using an IBM type 704 electronic data processing machine in 1957]]
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| − | In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the [[U.S. Government]], during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the [[Social Security Act]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/ibm.html | title=Early Automation Challenges for SSA | first=Larry | last=DeWitt |date = April 2000| accessdate=March 2011}}</ref> and the [[Third Reich]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/1388.wss|date=February 14, 2001|title=IBM Statement on Nazi-era Book and Lawsuit|publisher=IBM Press room}}</ref> largely through the German subsidiary [[Dehomag]]. During the [[Second World War]] the company produced small arms for the American war effort ([[M1 Carbine]], and [[Browning Automatic Rifle]]). IBM provided translation services for the [[Nuremberg Trials]].
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| − | In 1947, IBM opened its first office in Bahrain,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/bh/en/ibm_middleeast.html |title=IBM Middle East - Bahrain |publisher=Ibm.com |accessdate=2013-06-14}}</ref> as well as an office in [[Saudi Arabia]] to service the needs of the [[ARAMCO|Arabian-American Oil Company]] that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines (SBM).<ref>
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| − | {{cite web
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| − | |url=http://sbm.com.sa/#corporate-timeline
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| − | |title=Corporate Timeline
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| − | |publisher=SBM
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| − | |accessdate=17 March 2014
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| − | In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, [[Thomas Watson, Jr.]], was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of [[artificial intelligence]] when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an [[IBM 704]] not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the [[FORTRAN]] (FORmula TRANslation) scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., was elected chairman of the board and [[Albert L. Williams]] became company president. The same year IBM developed the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment) reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.
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| − | In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flight of the Mercury astronauts. A year later it moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to [[Armonk, New York]]. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flights, 1966 Saturn flights, and 1969 lunar mission.
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| − | On April 7, 1964 IBM announced the first computer system family, the revolutionary [[IBM System/360]]. Sold between 1964 and 1978, it spanned the complete range of commercial and scientific applications from large to small, allowing companies for the first time to upgrade to models with greater computing capability without having to rewrite their application.
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| − | In 1974, IBM engineer [[George J. Laurer]] developed the [[Universal Product Code]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |title=The history of the UPC bar code and how the bar code symbol and system became a world standard. |author= |work= |publisher=Cummingsdesign |accessdate=17 May 2011}}</ref> On October 11, 1973, IBM introduced the IBM 3666, a laser-scanning point-of-sale barcode reader which would become the backbone of retail checkouts. On June 26, 1974, at Marsh's supermarket in Troy, Ohio, a pack of [[Wrigley Company|Wrigley's]] [[Juicy Fruit|Juicy Fruit chewing gum]] was the first-ever product scanned. It is now on display at the [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian Institution’s]] [[Smithsonian National Museum of American History|National Museum of American History]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
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| − | In the late 1970s, IBM underwent a wave of internal convulsions between a management faction wanting to concentrate on its bread-and-butter mainframe business and one desiring to expand into the emerging personal computer industry.
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| − | ===1980–present===
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| − | [[File:IBM Blue Gene P supercomputer.jpg|thumb|right|250px|IBM's [[Blue Gene]] supercomputers were awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] on September 18, 2009.]]
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| − | IBM and the [[World Bank]] first introduced [[Swap (finance)|financial swaps]] to the public in 1981 when they entered into a swap agreement.<ref>{{cite book |title= Fundamentals of Corporate Finance |edition=9th, alternate |last1=Ross |last2 =Westerfield|last3= Jordan|year= 2010 |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |location= |isbn= |page=746 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> The [[IBM PC]], originally designated IBM 5150, was introduced in 1981, and it soon became an industry standard. In 1991, IBM sold printer manufacturer [[Lexmark]]. In 1993, IBM posted a US$8 billion loss - at the time the biggest in American corporate history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03420usen/GBE03420USEN.PDF |format=PDF|title= Life science: Fade or flourish ?|first1= Guy|last1= Lefever|first2= Michele|last2= Pesanello|first3= Heather|last3= Fraser|first4=Lee|last4= Taurman|year=2011|publisher= IBM Institute for Business Value|accessdate=6 July 2013|location=p. 2}}</ref>
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| − | In 2002 IBM acquired [[PwC]] consulting. In 2003 it initiated a project to redefine company values. Using its ''Jam'' technology, it hosted a three-day Internet-based online discussion of key [[business]] issues with 50,000 employees. Results were data mined with sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) for common themes. Three emerged, expressed as: "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters—for our company and for the world", and "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/sjp/04-27-2004.html|title=Speeches|publisher=IBM|date=2004-04-27}}</ref> Another three-day Jam took place in 2004, with 52,000 employees discussing ways to implement company values [[best practice|in practice]].<ref>{{cite journal
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| − | |title=Leading Change When Business Is Good: The HBR Interview--Samuel J. Palmisano
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| − | |journal=Harvard Business Review
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| − | |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]
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| − | |date=December 2004}}</ref>
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| − | [[File:IBM CeBIT 2010.jpg|left|thumb|IBM showing their various innovations at [[CeBIT]] 2010 in Hanover, Germany]]
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| − | In 2005, the company sold its personal computer business to [[Lenovo]], and in the same year it agreed to acquire [[Micromuse]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/19066.wss|title= IBM to Acquire Micromuse Inc.|publisher= IBM}}</ref> A year later IBM launched [[IBM Secure Blue|Secure Blue]], a low-cost hardware design for data encryption that can be built into a microprocessor.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/19527.wss |title= IBM Extends Enhanced Data Security to Consumer Electronics Products |date= April 10, 2006}}</ref> In 2009 it acquired software company [[SPSS Inc.]] Later in 2009, IBM's [[Blue Gene]] supercomputing program was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]]. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its [[artificial intelligence]] program [[Watson (artificial intelligence software)|Watson]], which was exhibited on ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' where it won against game-show champions [[Ken Jennings]] and [[Brad Rutter]]. {{As of|2012}}, IBM had been the top annual recipient of U.S. patents for 20 consecutive years.<ref>{{Citation
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| − | |publication-date=January 12, 2012 |title=IBM Breaks U.S. Patent Record |publisher= [[Advantage Business Media]]
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| − | |periodical=[[Scientific Computing (periodical)|Scientific Computing]] |at= scientificcomputing.com
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| − | |url= http://www.scientificcomputing.com/news-HPC-IBM-Breaks-US-Patent-Record-011212.aspx |accessdate= January 15, 2012
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| − | IBM's closing value of $214 billion on September 29, 2011 surpassed [[Microsoft]]'s $213.2 billion valuation. It was the first time since 1996 that IBM's closing price exceeded that of its software rival. On August 16, 2012, IBM announced that it had entered an agreement to buy [[Texas Memory Systems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdmag.com/News/Feeds/2012/08/information-tech-ibm-plans-to-acquire-texas-memory-systems/|title=IBM Plans to Acquire Texas Memory Systems|publisher=R & D Magazine|date= August 19, 2012|accessdate= August 27, 2012}}</ref> Later that month, IBM announced it has agreed to buy [[Kenexa]].
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| − | In June 2013 IBM acquired [[SoftLayer Technologies]], a web hosting service, in a deal worth around $2 billion;<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/05/us-softlayer-ibm-idUSBRE9530NT20130605| title=IBM to buy website hosting service SoftLayer| author=Jennifer Saba | publisher=Reuters | date= 5 June 2013}}</ref> and in July 2014 the company announced a partnership with [[Apple Inc.]] in [[mobile enterprise]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Apple + IBM|url= http://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1|publisher= IBM|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1= Etherington|first1= Darrell|title= Apple Teams Up With IBM For Huge, Expansive Enterprise Push|url= http://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/|publisher= Tech Crunch|accessdate=18 July 2014|date=15 July 2014}}</ref>
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| − | On August 11, 2014, IBM announced it had acquired the business operations of Lighthouse Security Group, LLC, a premier cloud-security services provider. Financial terms were not disclosed.<ref>{{cite web|title= IBM Acquires Cloud Security Services Provider Lighthouse Security Group|url= http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/08/11/ibm-acquires-cloud-security-services-provider-lighthouse-security-group-a-542289.html#.U-px-UjD6UY|publisher= insurancenewsnet|accessdate=11 August 2014|date=12 August 2014}}</ref>
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| − | In September 2014 it was announced that IBM would sell its x86 server division to Lenovo for a fee of $2.1 billion.<ref>{{cite press release | publisher= Reuters| date=29 September 2014| title= Lenovo says $2.1 billion IBM x86 server deal to close on Wednesday | url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/29/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929}}</ref> That same year, [[Reuters]] referred to IBM as "largely a computer services supplier".<ref name="reutersibmlufthansa2014">{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/22/lufthansa-ma-it-idUSL6N0SH14320141022 | title= UPDATE 1-Lufthansa close to deal with IBM for IT infrastructure unit | date=October 22, 2014 | agency=Reuters | deadurl=no<!--present in archive.org-->}}</ref>
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| − | In November 2014, IBM and Twitter announced a global landmark partnership which they claim will change how institutions and businesses understand their customers, markets and trends. With Twitter's data on people and IBM's cloud-based analytics and customer-engagement platforms they plan to help enterprises make better, more informed decisions. The partnership will give enterprises and institutions a way to make sense of Twitter's mountain of data using IBM's Watson supercomputer.<ref>{{cite web|title= Landmark IBM Twitter partnership to help businesses make decisions|url= http://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093|publisher= Market Business News|date=November 2, 2014}}</ref>
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| − | ==Rank==
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| − | In 2012, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' ranked IBM the No. 2 largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees,<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM employees"/> the <!-- Please don't update market cap quarterly in order to keep consistency in prose -- quarterly updates can be found at [[List of corporations by market capitalization]] -->No. 4 largest in terms of [[market capitalization]],<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM market cap"/> the No. 9 most profitable,<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM profit"/> and the No. 19 largest firm in terms of revenue.<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM"/> Globally, the company was ranked the No. 31 largest firm in terms of revenue by ''[[Forbes]]'' for 2011.<ref name="Forbes global"/> Other rankings for 2011/2012 include the following:<ref name="Fast"/>
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| − | * No. 1 company for leaders (''Fortune'')
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| − | * No. 1 [[green company]] in the U.S. (''[[Newsweek]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/galleries/2012/10/22/newsweek-green-rankings-2012-america-s-greenest-companies-photos.html#cc13b58b-97cb-46e9-b0c1-0893ee61f04d|title=IBM #1 in Green Rankingss for 2012|publisher=thedailybeast.com}}</ref>
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| − | * No. 2 best global brand (''[[Interbrand]]'')
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| − | * No. 2 most respected company (''[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.barrons.com/article/SB50001424053111903882904577478993057727490.html?mod=bol_share_tweet|title=The World's Most Respected Companies|last=Santoli|first=Michael|date=23 June 2012|publisher=Barron's|accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref>
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| − | * No. 5 most admired company (''Fortune'')
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| − | * No. 18 most innovative company (''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]'')
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| − | For 2012, IBM's brand was valued by [[Interbrand]] at $75.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/2012/Best-Global-Brands-2012.aspx |title=Best Global Brands Ranking for 2012 |author= |work= |publisher=[[Interbrand]] |accessdate=6 June 2013}}</ref>
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| − | For 2012, ''Vault'' ranked IBM Global Technology Services No. 1 in tech consulting for [[cyber security]], operations and implementation, and public sector; and No. 2 in [[outsourcing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vault.com/wps/portal/usa/rankings/individual?rankingId1=255&rankingId2=255&rankings=1&rankingYear=|title=Tech Consulting Firm Rankings 2012: Best Firms in Each Practice Area|publisher=Vault|accessdate=29 December 2011}}</ref>
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| − | ==Corporate affairs==
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| − | IBM is headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|title=Contact Us|publisher=IBM|accessdate=October 20, 2009}}</ref> The {{convert|283000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} glass and stone building sits on a {{convert|25|acre|adj=on}} parcel amid a 432-acre former apple orchard the company purchased in the mid-1950s.<ref>http://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html IBM's New Headquarters Reflects
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| − | A Change in Corporate Style</ref>
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| − | The company's 14 member [[Board of Directors]] is responsible for overall corporate management. As of [[Cathie Black]]'s resignation in November 2010 its membership (by affiliation and year of joining) included: Alain J. P. Belda '08 ([[Alcoa]]), [[William R. Brody]] '07 ([[Salk Institute for Biological Studies|Salk Institute]] / [[Johns Hopkins University]]), [[Kenneth Chenault]] '98 ([[American Express]]), [[Michael L. Eskew]] '05 ([[United Parcel Service|UPS]]), [[Shirley Jackson (physicist)|Shirley Ann Jackson]] '05 ([[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]), Andrew N. Liveris '10 ([[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical]]), W. James McNerney, Jr. '09 ([[Boeing]]), [[James W. Owens]] '06 ([[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]]), [[Samuel J. Palmisano]] '00 (IBM), Joan Spero '04 ([[Doris Duke Charitable Foundation]]), [[Sidney Taurel]] '01 ([[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]]), and [[Lorenzo Zambrano]] '03 ([[Cemex]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.wss |title=Board of Directors |author= |work= |publisher=IBM |accessdate=17 December 2010}}</ref>
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| − | On January 21, 2014 IBM announced that company executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013. The move came as the firm reported a 5% drop in sales and 1% decline in net profit over 2012. It also committed to a $1.2bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business, including the development of 15 new data centers.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25836875|title= IBM top executives to forgo bonuses as profits fall |publisher=BBC News |date=January 21, 2014 }}</ref>
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| − | After ten successive quarters of flat or sliding sales under Chief Executive Virginia Rometty IBM is being forced to look at new approaches. Said Rometty, “We’ve got to reinvent ourselves like we’ve done in prior generations.”<ref>http://www.dividendstocksresearch.com/how-to-find-a-good-dividend-stock-in-uncertain-times</ref>
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| − | ==Facilities==
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| − | The company has twelve research labs worldwide, bundled under [[IBM Research]] and headquartered at the [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in New York. Others include the [[IBM Almaden Research Center|Almaden lab]] in California, [[IBM Austin Research Laboratory|Austin lab]] in Texas, [[IBM Research-Australia|Australia lab]] in [[Melbourne]], [[IBM Research – Brazil|Brazil lab]] in [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[IBM China Research Laboratory|China lab]] in [[Beijing]] and [[Shanghai]], [[IBM Research – Ireland|Ireland lab]] in Dublin, [[IBM Haifa Research Laboratory|Haifa lab]], in [[Israel]], [[IBM India Research Laboratory|India lab]] in [[Delhi]] and [[Bangalore]], [[IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory|Tokyo lab]], [[IBM Zurich Research Laboratory|Zurich lab]] and [[IBM Research – Africa|Africa lab]] in [[Nairobi]].
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| − | Other major campus installations include towers in [[1250 René-Lévesque|Montreal]], [[Tour Descartes|Paris]], and [[One Atlantic Center|Atlanta]]; software labs in [[Research Triangle Park|Raleigh-Durham]], [[IBM Rome Software Lab|Rome]], Cracow and [[IBM Toronto Software Lab|Toronto]]; [[IBM Building, Johannesburg|Johannesburg]], [[IBM Building (Seattle)|Seattle]]; and facilities in [[IBM Hakozaki Facility|Hakozaki]] and [[IBM Yamato Facility|Yamato]]. The company also operates the [[Cambridge Scientific Center|IBM Scientific Center]], [[Hursley House]], the [[IBM Canada Head Office Building|Canada Head Office Building]], [[IBM Rochester]], and the [[IBM Somers Office Complex|Somers Office Complex]]. The company's contributions to architecture and design, which include works by [[Eero Saarinen]], [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], and [[I.M. Pei]], have been recognized. Van der Rohe's [[330 North Wabash]] building in Chicago, the original center of the company's research division post-World War II, was recognized with the 1990 [[Honor Award]] from the [[National Building Museum]].<ref name="Honor">{{cite news|title=In the IBM Honoring the Corporation's Buildings|author=Benjamin Forgey|date=1990-03-24|publisher=Washington Post}}</ref>
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | West Boca photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|IBM Building in West [[Boca Raton]], [[Florida]] The Boca Corporate Center and Campus was originally one of IBM's research labs where the PC was created.
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| − | IBM Rochester X.png|[[IBM Rochester|IBM Rochester (Minnesota)]], nicknamed the "Big Blue Zoo"
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| − | IBM building in Madrid (1989) 01.jpg|IBM Avenida de América Building in [[Madrid, Spain]]
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| − | IBM Yorktown Heights.jpg|[[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in [[Yorktown Heights, New York]], designed by [[Eero Saarinen]]
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| − | IBM Somers 3.jpg|[[IBM Somers Office Complex|Somers (New York) Office Complex]], designed by [[I.M. Pei]]
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| − | IBM Japan Makuhari Building.jpg|IBM Japan Makuhari Technical Center, designed by [[Yoshio Taniguchi]]
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| − | IBM-Denia.JPG|[[IBM Haifa Research Laboratory|IBM Haifa Research Lab]], [[Israel]]
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| − | <!--image was removed, description: IBM Kolkata Building, [[Kolkata|Kolkata, India]]-->
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | ==Work environment==
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| − | IBM's employee management practices can be traced back to its roots. In 1914, CEO Thomas J. Watson boosted company spirit by creating employee sports teams, hosting family outings, and furnishing a company band. In 1924 the Quarter Century Club, which recognizes employees with 25 years of service, was organized and the first issue of ''Business Machines'', IBM's internal publication, was published. In 1925, the first meeting of the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
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| − | IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine ''Think'' was created. Also that year, IBM held its first training class for female systems service professionals. In 1942, IBM launched a program to train and employ disabled people in Topeka, Kansas. The next year classes began in New York City, and soon the company was asked to join the President's Committee for Employment of the Handicapped. In 1946, the company hired its first black salesman, 18 years before the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. In 1947, IBM announced a Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan for employees. A vested rights pension was added to the IBM retirement plan. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s revisions were made to these pension plans to reduce IBM's pension liabilities.<ref>{{cite book |title= Retirement Heist: How Companies Plunder and Profit From The Nest Eggs Of American Workers |last=Schultz |first= Ellen E.|year= 2011 |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |pages=39–75}}</ref>
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| − | In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.
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| − | [[File:IBMtricycleJohannesburg1965.jpg|thumb|250px|right|An IBM delivery tricycle in [[Johannesburg, South Africa]] in 1965]]
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| − | On September 21, 1953, [[Thomas Watson, Jr.]], the company's president at the time, sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South, he could be clear that IBM would not build "[[separate but equal|separate-but-equal]]" workplaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/employment/us/diverse/50/tc.shtml|title=IBM's EO Policy letter is IBM's foundation for diversity|publisher=IBM}}</ref> In 1984, IBM added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination policy. The company stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people its competitors would turn down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/employment/us/diverse/heritage_ibm_1980.shtml|title=IBM Valuing Diversity: Heritage - 1980s|publisher=IBM}}</ref>
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| − | IBM was the only technology company ranked in ''Working Mother'' magazine's Top 10 for 2004, and one of two technology companies in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingwoman.com/top10.html |title=100 best companies for working mothers 2004 |publisher=Working Mother Media, Inc. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017073511/http://www.workingwoman.com/top10.html |archivedate=2004-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingwoman.com/top10.html |title=100 best companies 2005 |publisher=Working Mother Media, Inc.|accessdate=2006-06-26}}</ref> On October 10, 2005, IBM became the first major company in the world to commit formally to not use [[genetic testing|genetic information]] in employment decisions. The announcement was made shortly after IBM began working with the [[National Geographic Society]] on its [[Genographic Project]].
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| − | IBM provides same-sex partners of its employees with [[Health insurance|health benefits]] and provides an anti-discrimination clause. The [[Human Rights Campaign]] has consistently rated IBM 100% on its index of gay-friendliness since 2003 (in 2002, the year it began compiling its report on major companies, IBM scored 86%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w3.hrc.org/Template.cfm?Section=Search_the_Database&Template=/CustomSource/WorkNet/srch_dtl.cfm&srchtype=QS&searchid=34&orgid=1238|title=International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) profile|publisher=HRC Corporate Equality Index Score}}</ref> In 2007 and again in 2010, IBM UK was ranked first in Stonewall's annual Workplace Equality Index for UK employers.<ref name="www-03.ibm.com">{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/employment/us/diverse/awards.shtml#glbt |title=IBM Valuing Diversity - Awards and Recognition |publisher=IBM |accessdate=2009-05-27}}</ref>
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| − | The company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Logan |first=John |title=The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States |journal=British Journal of Industrial Relations |date = December 2006|pages=651–675 |url=http://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm|title=IBM Global Unions Links|publisher=EndicottAlliance.org}}</ref> In 2009, the [[Unite the Union|Unite]] union stated that several hundred employees joined following the announcement in the UK of pension cuts that left many employees facing a shortfall in projected pensions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.v3.co.uk/v3/news/2247938/ibm-employees-resisting-pension|title=IBM workers up in arms at pension cuts|publisher=v3.co.uk}}</ref>
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| − | A dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie<ref name="Strategic Marketing">{{cite book
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| − | |last=Smith
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| − | |first=Paul Russell
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| − | |title=Strategic Marketing Communications: New Ways to Build and Integrate Communications
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| − | |publisher=Kogan Page
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| − | |year=1999
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| − | |page=24
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| − | |url=http://books.google.com/?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm
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| − | |isbn=0-7494-2918-6 }}</ref> was the public uniform for IBM employees for most of the 20th century. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO [[Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.]] relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees to resemble their counterparts in other large technology companies. Since then IBM's dress code is [[business casual]] although employees often wear [[lounge suit|business suits]] during client meetings.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Attire|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html|work=IBM Archives|publisher=IBM Corp.|accessdate=31 May 2012}}</ref>
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| − | On June 16, 2011, as part of its centenary celebrations<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/technology-companies/8577941/IBM-celebrates-100th-anniversary.html|title=IBM celebrates 100th anniversary|date=16 June 2011|author=|publisher=Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> the company announced IBM100, a year-long grants program to fund employee participation in volunteer projects.
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| − | ==Research and inventions==
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| − | [[File:IBM Anechoic chamber.jpg|thumb|left|250x|An [[anechoic chamber]] inside [[IBM Yamato Facility|IBM's Yamato research facility]]]]
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| − | In 1945, The Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory was founded at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York]], New York. The renovated fraternity house on Manhattan's West Side was used as IBM's first laboratory devoted to pure science. It was the forerunner of [[IBM Research]], the largest [[R&D|industrial research]] organization in the world, with twelve labs on six continents.<ref>http://www.research.ibm.com/labs/</ref>
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| − | In 1966, IBM researcher Robert H. Dennard invented [[Dynamic Random Access Memory]] (DRAM) cells, one-transistor memory cells that store each single bit of information as an electrical charge in an electronic circuit. The technology permits major increases in memory density and is widely adopted throughout the industry where it remains in widespread use today.
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| − | IBM has been a leading proponent of the [[Open Source Initiative]], and began supporting [[Linux]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml |title=IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever |date=1999-03-02 |publisher=IBM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991110114228/http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml |archivedate=1999-11-10}}</ref> The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM [[Linux Technology Center]], which includes over 300 [[Linux kernel]] developers.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center|url=http://lwn.net/Articles/185602/|date=2006-05-24|publisher=[[LWN.net]]|author=Farrah Hamid}}</ref> IBM has also released code under different [[open source license]]s, such as the [[Cross-platform|platform-independent]] [[software framework]] [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-erick.html|title=Interview: The Eclipse code donation|date=2001-11-01|publisher=IBM}}</ref> the three-sentence [http://source.icu-project.org/repos/icu/icu/trunk/license.html International Components for Unicode] ([[International Components for Unicode|ICU]]) license, and the [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based [[relational database management system]] (RDBMS) [[Apache Derby]]. IBM's [[open source]] involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see ''[[SCO v. IBM]]'').
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| − | In 2013, [[Booz and Company]] placed IBM sixteenth among the 20 most innovative companies in the world. The company spends 6% of its revenue ($6.3 billion) in research and development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.challenges.fr/galeries-photos/galeries-photos/20111028.CHA6249/facebook-entre-dans-le-classement-des-10-entreprises-les-plus-innovantes.html#photo|title=Le top 20 des entreprises les plus innovantes du monde|publisher=Challenges|date=22 October 2013}}</ref>
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| − | Famous inventions by IBM include the following:
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| − | {{div col|colwidth=20em}}
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| − | * [[Automated teller machine|Automated teller machine (ATM)]]
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| − | * [[Floppy disk]]
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| − | * [[Hard disk drive]]
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| − | * [[Keypunch|Electronic keypunch]]
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| − | * [[Magnetic stripe card]]
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| − | * [[Virtual machine]]
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| − | * [[Scanning tunneling microscope]]
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| − | * [[Reduced instruction set computing]]
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| − | * [[relational model|Relational database]]
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| − | * [[Universal Product Code|Universal Product Code (UPC)]]
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| − | * [[swap (finance)|Financial swap]]
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| − | * [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE airline reservation system]]
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| − | * [[DRAM|Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)]]
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| − | * [[Watson (computer)|Watson artificial intelligence]]
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| − | {{div col end}}
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| − | ==Selected current projects==
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| − | [[DeveloperWorks]] is a website run by IBM for [[software developer]]s and IT professionals. It contains how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-standard technologies like [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Linux]], [[Service-oriented architecture|SOA]] and [[web service]]s, [[web development]], [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]], [[PHP]], and [[XML]] to IBM's products ([[IBM WebSphere|WebSphere]], [[Rational Software|Rational]], [[Lotus Software|Lotus]], [[Tivoli Software|Tivoli]] and [[Information Management]]). In 2007, developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame.<ref name="developerWorksJoltHallofFame">{{cite web
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| − | |url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/page/moc?entry=dw_wins_jolt_hall_of
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| − | |title=developerWorks blogs : Michael O'Connell : dW wins Jolt Hall of Fame award; Booch, Ambler, dW authors also honored
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| − | |publisher=IBM
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| − | |date=2007-03-27
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| − | |accessdate=2007-04-23
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | [[alphaWorks]] is IBM's source for emerging software technologies. These technologies include:
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| − | * Flexible Internet Evaluation Report Architecture – A highly flexible architecture for the design, display, and reporting of Internet surveys.
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| − | * [[IBM History Flow tool|IBM History Flow Visualization Application]] – A tool for visualizing dynamic, evolving documents and the interactions of multiple collaborating authors.
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| − | * IBM [[Linux]] on POWER Performance Simulator – A tool that provides users of [[Linux on Power]] a set of performance models for IBM's [[IBM POWER microprocessors|POWER processors]].
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| − | * Database File Archive And Restoration Management – An application for archiving and restoring [[hard disk drive]] files using file references stored in a database.
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| − | * Policy Management for Autonomic Computing – A policy-based autonomic management infrastructure that simplifies the automation of IT and [[business process]]es.
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| − | * FairUCE – A [[E-mail filtering|spam filter]] that verifies sender identity instead of filtering content.
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| − | * Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) SDK – A Java SDK that supports the implementation, composition, and deployment of applications working with [[unstructured data]].
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| − | * Accessibility Browser – A web-browser specifically designed to assist people with [[visual impairment]]s, to be released as [[open source software]]. Also known as the "A-Browser," the technology will aim to eliminate the need for a mouse, relying instead completely on voice-controls, buttons and predefined [[Keyboard shortcut|shortcut keys]].
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| − | [[File:IBM Watson.PNG|thumb|right|250px|[[Watson (computer)|Watson]], an IBM [[artificial intelligence]] computer, is capable of "learning" as it operates.]]
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| − | Virtually all [[video game console|console gaming systems]] of the [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|previous generation]] used [[Integrated circuit|microprocessors developed]] by IBM. The [[Xbox 360]] contains a [[PowerPC]] [[Multi-core|tri-core processor]], which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/chips/news/2005/1025_xbox.html|title=IBM delivers Power-based chip for Microsoft Xbox 360 worldwide launch|publisher=IBM|date=2005-10-25}}</ref> Sony's [[PlayStation 3]] features the [[Cell (microprocessor)|Cell BE microprocessor]] designed jointly by IBM, [[Toshiba]], and [[Sony]]. IBM also provided the microprocessor that serves as the heart of [[Nintendo]]'s new [[Wii U]] system, which debuted in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer, mybroadband|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/news/gaming/26011-ibm-microprocessors-drive-the-new-nintendo-wii-u-console.html|title=IBM microprocessors drive the new Nintendo WiiU console|publisher=mybroadband.co.za|date=Jun 8, 2011|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}</ref> The new Power Architecture-based microprocessor includes IBM's latest technology in an energy-saving silicon package.<ref>{{cite web|last=Leung|first=Isaac|author2=Electronics News|url=http://www.electronicsnews.com.au/news/ibms-45nm-soi-microprocessors-at-core-of-nintendo|title=IBM’S 45NM SOI MICROPROCESSORS AT CORE OF NINTENDO WII U|publisher=electronicsnews.com.au|date=June 8, 2011|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}</ref> [[Nintendo]]'s [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|seventh-generation]] console, [[Wii]], features an IBM chip codenamed [[Broadway (microprocessor)|Broadway]]. The older [[Nintendo GameCube]] utilizes the [[Gekko (microprocessor)|Gekko]] processor, also designed by IBM.
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| − | In May 2002, IBM and Butterfly.net, Inc. announced the Butterfly Grid, a commercial [[grid computing|grid]] for the online video gaming market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/industries/media/doc/content/news/pressrelease/359248111.html|title=Butterfly and IBM introduce first video game industry computing grid|date=2002-05-09|publisher=IBM}}</ref> In March 2006, IBM announced separate agreements with Hoplon Infotainment, Online Game Services Incorporated (OGSI), and RenderRocket to provide on-demand [[content management]] and [[blade server]] computing resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/industries/media/doc/content/news/pressrelease/1551338111.html|title=IBM joins forces with game companies around the world to accelerate innovation|date=2006-03-21|publisher=IBM}}</ref>
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| − | IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on [[Linux]], [[Microsoft Windows]] and Apple's [[Mac OS X]]. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether to use Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the [[OpenDocument|Open Document Format]] software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: [[word processing]], presentations, along with collaboration with [[IBM Lotus Notes|Lotus Notes]], [[instant messaging]] and blog tools as well as an [[Internet Explorer]] competitor – the [[Mozilla Firefox]] web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5% of its desktop PCs. The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/lotus/openclient/ |title=IBM Client for Smart Work |publisher=01.ibm.com |accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref>
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| − | The UC2 (Unified Communications and Collaboration) Client Platform is an IBM and [[Cisco Systems]] joint project based on [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] and [[OSGi]]. It will offer the numerous Eclipse application developers a unified platform for an easier work environment. The software based on UC2 platform will provide major enterprises with easy-to-use communication solutions, such as the Lotus-based [[IBM Lotus Sametime|Sametime]]. In the future the Sametime users will benefit from such additional functions as [[click-to-call]] and [[Voicemail|voice mailing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/21192.wss |title=IBM and Cisco Unveil Platform for Developing Unified Communications and Collaboration Solutions |date=2007-03-07 |publisher=IBM |location=Orlando, Florida}}</ref>
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| − | [[IBM Redbooks|Redbooks]] are publicly available online books about best practices with IBM products. They describe the products features, field experience and dos and don'ts, while leaving aside marketing buzz. Available formats are Redbooks, Redpapers and Redpieces.
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| − | [[Extreme Blue]] is a company initiative that uses experienced IBM engineers, talented interns, and business managers to develop high-value technology. The project is designed to analyze emerging business needs and the technologies that can solve them. These projects mostly involve rapid-prototyping of high-profile software and hardware projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/ |title=Extreme Blue web page |publisher=01.ibm.com |date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref>
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| − | In 2006, IBM launched [[Secure Blue]], encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors. A year later, IBM unveiled [http://www-03.ibm.com/linux/project_big_green_linux.html Project Big Green], a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency. On November 2008, IBM’s CEO, Sam Palmisano, during a speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, outlined a new agenda for building a [[Smarter Planet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asmarterplanet.com/blog/2008/11/building-a-smarter-planet.html |title=Building a smarter planet |publisher=Asmarterplanet.com |accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref> On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the [[IBM Smarter Computing|Smarter Computing]] framework to support Smarter Planet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Launch of IBM Smarter Computing|url=https://www-304.ibm.com/connections/blogs/IBMSmarterSystems/date/201102?lang=en_us|accessdate=1 March 2011}}</ref> On Aug 18, 2011, as part of its effort in cognitive computing, IBM has produced chips that imitate neurons and synapses. These microprocessors do not use von Neumann architecture, and they consume less memory and power.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mads|last=Ølholm|url=http://semiaccurate.com/2011/08/18/major-breakthrough-in-cognitive-computing/|title=Major breakthrough in cognitive computing|publisher=Semi Accurate|date=August 18, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2011}}</ref>
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| − | IBM also holds the SmartCamp program globally. The program searches for fresh [[start-up companies]] that IBM can partner with to solve world problems. IBM holds 17 SmartCamp events around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4235786/IBM-SmartCamp-startups-attempt-to-solve-world-problems-|title=IBM SmartCamp startups attempt to solve world problems|publisher=EE Times|first=Sylvie|last=Barak|date=February 3, 2012|accessdate=February 6, 2012}}</ref> Since July 2011, IBM has partnered with [[Pennies (electronic charity box)|Pennies, the electronic charity box]], and produced a software solution for IBM retail customers that provides an easy way to donate money when paying in-store by credit or debit card. Customers donate just a few pence (1p-99p) a time and every donation goes to UK charities.
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| − | In January 2014, IBM announced plans to invest more than $1.2bn (£735m) into its data centers and cloud storage business. It plans to build 15 new centers around the world, bringing the total number up to 40 during 2014.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25773266 | work=BBC News | title=IBM commits .2bn to cloud data centre expansion | date=17 January 2014}}</ref>
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| − | In July 2014, the company revealed it was investing $3 billion over the following five years to create computer functionality to resemble how the human brain thinks. A spokesman said that basic computer architecture had not altered since the 1940s. IBM says its goal is to design a neural chip that mimics the human brain, with 10 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, but that uses just 1 kilowatt of power.<ref name="BrainIBM">{{cite news|title=New research initiative sees IBM commit $3 bn|url=http://www.sanfrancisconews.net/index.php/sid/223650653/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/New-research-initiative-sees-IBM-commit-3-bn|accessdate=10 July 2014|publisher=''San Francisco News.Net''}}</ref>
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| − | In March 2015, the company announced plans to invest $3 billion over four years to establish an Internet of Things (IoT) unit, whose first task is to build a cloud-based open platform.<ref>http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2479438,00.asp</ref>
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| − | ==Environmental record==
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| − | IBM was recognized as one of the "Top 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters" by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) in 2005. The award was to recognize [[Fortune 500]] companies which provided employees with excellent commuter benefits to help reduce traffic and air pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml|title=Environmental Protection|date=3 May 2008|publisher=IBM}}</ref>
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| − | The birthplace of IBM, [[Endicott, New York|Endicott]], [[Endicott, New York#Pollution|suffered pollution for decades]], however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in [[Printed circuit board|circuit board]] assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind [[volatile organic compound]]s in the town's soil and aquifer. Traces of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott’s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including [[1,1,1-Trichloroethane|trichloroethane]], [[freon]], [[benzene]] and [[Tetrachloroethylene|perchloroethene]] to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Remediation and testing are ongoing,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/47783.html|title=Village of Endicott Environmental Investigations|accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref> however according to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4DF1631F936A25750C0A9629C8B63&fta=y|title=In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors|date=15 March 2004|accessdate=1 May 2008|publisher=New York Times Online|first=Samme|last=Chittum}}</ref>
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| − | Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd. (TOK) and IBM are collaborating to establish new, low-cost methods for bringing the next generation of [[Solar power|solar energy]] products, called [[Copper indium gallium selenide|CIGS]] (Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenide) [[solar cell]] modules, to market. Use of [[thin film]] technology, such as CIGS, has great promise in reducing the overall cost of solar cells and further enabling their widespread adoption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tok.co.jp/en/news/2008/pdf/080616.pdf|title=IBM and Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Turn Up Watts on Solar Energy Production|publisher=tok.co.jp|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/green/index.shtml |title=Energy, the environment and IBM. |publisher=IBM |date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2009-05-27}}</ref>
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| − | IBM is exploring four main areas of photovoltaic research: using current technologies to develop cheaper and more efficient [[silicon]] solar cells, developing new solution-processed thin film photovoltaic devices, [[concentrating solar power|concentrator photovoltaics]], and future generation photovoltaic architectures based upon [[nanostructure]]s such as semiconductor [[quantum dot]]s and [[nanowire]]s.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/24203.wss |title=IBM Press room - 2008-05-15 IBM Research Unveils Breakthrough In Solar Farm Technology - United States |publisher=IBM |date=2008-05-15 |accessdate=2009-05-27}}</ref>
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| − | ==Company logo and nickname==
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| − | [[File:Original IBM Logo.png|thumb|right|150px|The company used the "globe" logo until 1947, when it began using an acronym-based logo.]]
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| − | IBM's current "8-bar" [[logo]] was designed in 1972 by [[graphic designer]] [[Paul Rand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_8.html|title=IBM Archives|publisher=IBM}}</ref> It was a general replacement for a 13-bar logo that first appeared in public on the 1966 release of the TSS/360. Logos designed in the 1970s tended to reflect the inability of period photocopiers to render large areas well, hence discrete horizontal bars.
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| − | The color assignments of every letter in their current logo, which is usually seen on their ThinkPad series of laptops,<ref>Before it sold its personal computer division to Lenovo.</ref> are red, green, and blue for letters I, B, and M, respectively.<ref>[http://farm1.static.flickr.com/138/330318508_1d6e888865_b.jpg Color logo of IBM on the lower right portion of the palmrest of the laptop.]</ref><ref>[http://homepage.univie.ac.at/l.ertl/thinkpadt40/thinkpadt40.jpg Color logo of IBM on the screen of the laptop during POST of BIOS.]</ref><ref>[http://i556.photobucket.com/albums/ss3/IBMDT/IBMThinkPad-1.jpg Color logo of IBM.]</ref>
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| − | Early [[dot matrix]] printers also had difficulty rendering either large solids or narrow bars in resolutions as low as 240 [[dots per inch]]. In 1990 company scientists used a [[scanning tunneling microscope]] to arrange 35 [[IBM (atoms)|individual xenon atoms]] to spell out the company acronym. It was the first structure assembled one atom at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|title=IBM Archives: "IBM" atoms|publisher=IBM}}</ref>
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| − | ''Big Blue'' is a nickname for IBM derived in the 1960s from the company's blue logo and color scheme, originally adopted in 1947. ''True Blue'' referred to a loyal IBM customer, and business writers later picked up the term.<ref name="Big Blue">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Da1bPYRyltMC&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228&dq=big+blue+ibm|title=Postphenomenology: A Critical Companion to Ihde |page=228|isbn=0-7914-6787-2|year=2006|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|author=edited by Evan Selinger.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5zAW7RntiD8C&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=big+blue+ibm|title=Logos, Letterheads & Business Cards: Design for Profit |page=15|isbn=2-88046-750-0|year=2004|publisher=Rotovision|author=Conway Lloyd Morgan and Chris Foges.}}</ref> IBM once had a de facto [[dress code]] that saw many IBM employees wear white shirts with blue suits.<ref name="Big Blue"/><ref>{{cite book|page=55|title=The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology|url=http://books.google.com/?id=AwrQsOW5SsQC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=big+blue+ibm|publisher=Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR|isbn=0-13-019469-7|author=E. Garrison Walters.|year=2001}}</ref>
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| − | {{clear}}
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | {{Portal|Information technology|Companies}}
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| − | * [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]
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| − | * [[List of computer system manufacturers]]
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| − | * [[Top 100 US Federal Contractors]]
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| − | * [[List of semiconductor fabrication plants]]
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| − | * [[IBM Global Services]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | <!--- if you delete a book from this section, please add that book to History of IBM#Further reading --->
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| − | ::For additional books about IBM: biographies, memoirs, technology, and more, see [[History of IBM#Further reading]].
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| − | * {{cite book | author = John Harwood | year = 2011 | title = The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945-1976 | isbn = 978-0-8166-7039-0 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = [[Edwin Black]] | year = 2008 | title = [[IBM and the Holocaust]]: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation | isbn = 0-914153-10-2 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = [[Ulrich Steinhilper]] | year = 2006 | title = Don't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing | isbn = 1-872836-75-5 }}
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| − | * {{cite news | author = [[Samme Chittum]] | title = In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4DF1631F936A25750C0A9629C8B63&fta=y | publisher = New York Times | date=2004-03-15}}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = [[Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.]] | year = 2002 | title = Who Says Elephants can't Dance? | publisher = HarperCollins | isbn = 0-00-715448-8 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = Doug Garr | year = 1999 | title = IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade | publisher = Harper Business }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = Robert Slater | year = 1999 | title = Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner | publisher = McGraw Hill }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = Emerson W. Pugh | year = 1996 | title = Building IBM: Shaping an Industry | publisher = [[MIT Press]] }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = Robert Heller | year = 1994 | title = The Fate of IBM | publisher = Little Brown }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = Paul Carroll | year = 1993 | title = Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM | publisher = Crown Publishers }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = Roy A Bauer | year = 1992 | title = The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400) | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | author-separator = , | author2 = and others | displayauthors = 1 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = [[Thomas Watson, Jr.]] | year = 1990 | title = Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond | isbn = 0-553-29023-1 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = David Mercer | year = 1988 | title = The Global IBM: Leadership in Multinational Management | publisher = Dodd, Mead |page=374}}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = David Mercer | year = 1987 | title = IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed | publisher = Kogan Page }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = Richard Thomas DeLamarter | year = 1986 | title = Big Blue: IBM's Use and Abuse of Power | isbn = 0-396-08515-6 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = Buck Rodgers | year = 1986 | title = The IBM Way | publisher = Harper & Row }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = [[Robert Sobel]] | year = 1986 | title = IBM vs. Japan: The Struggle for the Future | isbn = 0-8128-3071-7 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author=Robert Sobel | year = 1981 | title = IBM: Colossus in Transition | isbn = 0-8129-1000-1 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = Robert Sobel | year = 1981 | title = Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution'' (biography of [[Thomas J. Watson]]) | isbn = 1-893122-82-4 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | author = William Rodgers | year = 1969 | title = THINK: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM | isbn = 0-8128-1226-3 }}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{Sister project links}}
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| − | * {{official website|http://www.ibm.com/}}
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| − | * [http://ibmsystemsmag.com/ IBM Systems Magazine]
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| − | {{finance links
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| − | | name = IBM Corp.
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| − | | symbol = IBM
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| − | | sec_cik = 786000
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| − | | hoovers = International_Business_Machines_Corporation.54f01d709493d038
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| − | }}
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| − | * {{OpenCorp|IBM}}
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| − | {{IBM}}
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| − | {{Dow Jones Industrial Average companies}}
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| − | {{Major information technology companies}}
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| − | {{Use American English|date=April 2015}}
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| − | {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
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| − | [[Category:IBM| ]]
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